1. Two compound nouns both start with the same sound, are composed of two syllable, have the same stress pattern, and contain the identical second morphemes undoubtedly played a role in producing the error.
examples: He made hairlines. - He made headlines.
2. Similar comments apply to the congressional representatives.
examples: It can deliver a large payroll. - It can deliver a large payload.
3. Thoughts unrelated in form to the intended utterance may have an influence on what is said. The two phrases are not similar phonologically or morphologically, yet the nonlinguistic association seems to have influenced what was said.
examples: I've never heard of classes on April 9. - I've never heard of classes on Good Friday.
Computer Processing of Human Language
Computational Linguistics - subfield of linguistics and computer science that is concerned with the interactions of human language and computers.
It involves the ff:
a. analysis of written texts and spoken discourse
b. translation of text and speech from one language into another
c. use of human languages for communication between computers and people
d. modeling and testing of linguistic theories
Computers that talk and Listen
Computational phonetics and phonology - concerned with processing sounds. Goals: conveting speech to text on the comprehension side and text to speech on the production side.
Computational morphology, computational syntax, computational semantics, computational pragmatics - concerned with higher levels of linguistic processing.
Computational Phonetics and Phonology
Two sides of computational phonetics and phonology:
a. speech recognition - process of analyzing the speech signal into its component phones and phonemes, and producing, in effect, a phonetic transcription of the speech.
b. speech synthesis - process of creating electronic signals that stimulate the phones and prosodic features of speech and assemble them into words and phrases for output to an electronic speaker, or for further processing as in a speech generation application.
Computational Morphology
Computational Morphology - processing of word structures by computers.
Stemming - affixes are detected and repeatedly stripped of the beginning and end of words, checking the work against computer's dictionary.
Computational Syntax
Parser - a computer program that attempts to replicate what we have been calling the "mental parser".
a. Top-down parser - proceeds by first consulting the grammar rules and then examining the input string to see if the first word could begin an S.
b. Bottom-up parser - it looks first at the input string and finds a Det (the) followed by an N (child).
Computational Semantics
Computational Semantics - to produce a semantic representation in the computer of language input; the other is to take a semantic representation and produce natural language output that conveys the meaning.
Speech understanding - computer tries to find concepts in its semantic representation capabilities that fit the words and structures of the input.
Computational Pragmatics
Reference resolution - to determine when two expressions refer to the same object.
It involves the ff:
a. analysis of written texts and spoken discourse
b. translation of text and speech from one language into another
c. use of human languages for communication between computers and people
d. modeling and testing of linguistic theories
Computers that talk and Listen
Computational phonetics and phonology - concerned with processing sounds. Goals: conveting speech to text on the comprehension side and text to speech on the production side.
Computational morphology, computational syntax, computational semantics, computational pragmatics - concerned with higher levels of linguistic processing.
Computational Phonetics and Phonology
Two sides of computational phonetics and phonology:
a. speech recognition - process of analyzing the speech signal into its component phones and phonemes, and producing, in effect, a phonetic transcription of the speech.
b. speech synthesis - process of creating electronic signals that stimulate the phones and prosodic features of speech and assemble them into words and phrases for output to an electronic speaker, or for further processing as in a speech generation application.
Computational Morphology
Computational Morphology - processing of word structures by computers.
Stemming - affixes are detected and repeatedly stripped of the beginning and end of words, checking the work against computer's dictionary.
Computational Syntax
Parser - a computer program that attempts to replicate what we have been calling the "mental parser".
a. Top-down parser - proceeds by first consulting the grammar rules and then examining the input string to see if the first word could begin an S.
b. Bottom-up parser - it looks first at the input string and finds a Det (the) followed by an N (child).
Computational Semantics
Computational Semantics - to produce a semantic representation in the computer of language input; the other is to take a semantic representation and produce natural language output that conveys the meaning.
Speech understanding - computer tries to find concepts in its semantic representation capabilities that fit the words and structures of the input.
Computational Pragmatics
Reference resolution - to determine when two expressions refer to the same object.
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